نشریه سیاست دفاعی
پیاپی 105 (زمستان 1397)

Yemen’s future and that of the parties to Yemen’s war involved will become more complicated, as this war has been prolonged and the Saudi Arabia-led alliance has invaded Yemen. Therefore, there is a variety of questions concerning the future of war in this country. Considering the explanation above, the main question appears to be, ‘how will the end of the war between Yemen and Arabia be?’ Additionally, what are the means by which Saudi Arabia’s influence and presence in Yemen are realized? To answer this question, we firstly refer to Arabia’s military presence, political influence, and economic and cultural influence in Yemen; then, actors involved including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, parties inside Yemen, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the United States of America, the United Nations, and Kuwait are addressed. This is followed by an examination of key uncertainties and the forthcoming measures to be taken that involve imposing negotiation on the alliance (with the centrality of Arabia), provoking a decisive showdown (with the centrality of U.S. action), a divergence in the alliance (with the centrality of the United Arab Emirates), and struggling when in dilemma (based on Ansarullah's conditions). By the same token, this is what futures studies approach seeks to analyze by way of determining key actors, drivers, key uncertainties, extracting and explaining scenarios, and finally Wild Cards, a conclusion, and recommendations are provided.

The necessity of taking into account the high-risk defense areas is a fundamental issue to be considered by military planners in order to mitigate the armament and human casualties in critical and emergency situations. The study of land surfaces and capturing its different features using updated and efficient means counts as a critical factor in achieving military advantages. Taking these places into account is of much consequence in defense doctrine, otherwise a military and security failure will be followed, as they play a key role in the battlefield and active and passive defense actions. This research aims to detect the militarily vulnerable parts, as well as to conduct a scientific analysis of it using spatial analyses in GIS and multiple-criteria decision-making methods. For this purpose, some comprehensive factors have been studied such as slope length, drainage, vision and concealment, the soil type, the dip direction, the existing obstacles and fortifications, the land uses, road and railway communication lines, the geological formations, population centers, the distance from the borders, border landforms, the climatic conditions in the border areas, the temperature of the surface of the earth, etc….After the preparation of the data and formation of the required database, the criteria were weighted through the application of the Fuzzy-AHP method and the fuzzy overlay operation was conducted in the ArcGIS software environment. These were followed by zoning the areas in five groups: very low-risk, low-risk, risky, high-risk, and very high-risk. With a view to the final risk plan achieved, the research findings show that open areas that lack natural and artificial barriers, as well as proximity to the main highways, population centers and axes are regarded as high-risk areas, which are required to get managed carefully by the creation of artificial obstacles and fortifications in order to strengthen its defense system. Also, the final plan highlights the matchless role surface waters play in passive and active defense, introducing them as influential factors in regional and moving defense.

One of the most important issues debated in any military engagement, and understandably in Iran-Iraq war is the macro and national strategies, which both countries adopted during their military engagement in order to achieve their intended result, and adopted them as the basis of their own defensive and offensive movements. Discovering, analyzing and rating these strategies is something in which experts and thinkers in various fields including military, economic, social, political...etc. are most importantly interested. So far, many foreign theoreticians and analysts have addressed the Iran-Iraq war in strategic point of view, producing various works in this field. The merit that lies in studying and searching these works is getting introduced to different views and perspectives on the Holy Defense, extending internal analyses, comparing and contrasting the adopted strategies, updating prior experiences, as well as removing the doubts instilled into one’s minds. The objective of this article is to explain and study the elements of national strategies of both parties to war as viewed by foreign experts. This research uses analytical-descriptive method, addressing the national strategies and strategic management of both Iran and Iraq throughout the war according as they are viewed by international thinkers. The result achieved out of the studies is that the nature of wars including the Iran-Iraq war is different due to its being under the influence of differing political, social and cultural contexts, hence leading to different strategies on the part of the two parties to the war.

The way inventors in defense industries are championed is a more controversial issue in the Law on Intellectual Property. The problem is that on the one hand, as the general rules of intellectual property state,  supporting inventors through granting patents (as a document indicating ownership and the right of exclusive use) involves the disclosure of information concerning inventions, and on the other hand, the country's defense imperatives require having to maintain confidentiality as related to these inventions. For this purpose, the question raised is that of whether the material rights capable of being granted to inventors in defense industry, and totally speaking, the way those inventors are supported should be the same as the way other inventors (i.e. non-defense inventors) are supported. In the present article, we seek to make a comparative study of the material rights capable of being granted to inventors in defense industry in China, Russia, the United States and Iran with library method in an effort to detect and introduce a convenient legal system as for inventors' material rights in defense industries in these countries. Finally, it is concluded that, firstly, due to inevitable limitations that follow from the confidentiality of defense inventions and the Administration's supervision over how these inventions are employed, making a payment as compensation or reward on top of exclusive property right is increasingly logical and closely aligned with defense and economic interests, and secondly, issuing patents in order to support the inventors in defense-related industries is far from colliding with the basics of intellectual property law.

The Islamic Revolution, which is based on a historical thinking and experiences, has invariably been thriving when engaged in fighting foreign threats, where it has been able to guarantee his survival when facing the following threats, something that highlights the most prominent feature of an Islamic-Iranian national identity. In the past four decades, the Islamic Revolution has been undergoing continuous attacks due to the fact that it has been pursuing global values and causes. These threats have been trying to prevent the thriving Revolution, but they have been slightly successful due to the capacity and capability that lies in the Islamic-Iranian identity. Understanding the threats and standing against them in a proportional and convenient way according as the revolution is progressing can contribute to overcoming of challenges, create stability, and keep the Islamic-Iranian identity going. This article seeks to explain the role played by national identity in countering advanced threats with a view to the future. This research is qualitative in terms of method, and applied in terms of objective. The author has analyzed the data using the historical method and causal correlation. Understanding and employing this capacity and capability in facing the future advanced threats can be a determining factor in the continuing progress of the revolution. Confronting the threats in the Islamic-Iranian society requires taking into consideration the Islamic-Iranian identity and its elements, as well as strengthening and continuing them.

In view of the fact that Islam is a regenerative school, and considering the status of the Islamic Revolution in the geostrategic equations as well as in the new geopolitical structure, and the opportunities and threats in the external environment and the advent of new actors who display complex behavior on different scenes in the internal environment, a double emphasis is placed on delineating the perspective of the Revolution from Imam Khomeini's viewpoint by the expectations of the awakened world public opinion from the Islamic Revolution." Conducting an exact monitoring of events and regional and transregional developments in different occasions from the early phase of the movement in 1962 to 1989, together with closer scrutiny of the hidden and overt dimensions of the threats that challenge national interests, Imam Khomeini has explained and analyzed the dimensions and aspects that constitute the perspective of the Islamic revolution. This research has been conducted with the aim of determining the perspective of the Islamic Revolution from the context of Imam Khomeini's statements. This research has been written with qualitative method. Using the thematic networks' method of analysis, it presents five inclusive themes namely depth-giving activity inside, depth-giving activity outside, countering soft threats, semi-hard and hard threats. The theme extracted from the field of sustainable security has developed five levels for the Islamic order, namely ideological, social, economic, political and cultural security.